Introduction::
The
C programming language was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 to 1973 at AT&T BELL Lab.
It has been
closely associated with the UNIX operating system where it was developed,
since both the system and most of the programs that run on it are written in C.
The language, however, is not tied to
any one operating system or machine; and although it has been called a “system
programming language” because it is useful for writing compilers and operating
systems, it has been used equally well to write major programs in many
different domains.
Many
of the important ideas of C stem from the language BCPL, developed by Martin
Richards in 1967. The influence of BCPL on C proceeded indirectly through
the language B, which was written by
Ken Thompson in 1969 for the first UNIX
system on the DEC PDP-7.
BCPL and B are
“typeless” languages. By contrast, C provides a variety of data types. The
fundamental types are characters, and integers and floating point numbers of
several sizes. In addition, there is a hierarchy of derived data types created
with “pointers”, “arrays”, “structures” and “unions”.
Expressions are formed from operators and operands; any expression, including
an assignment or a function call, can be a statement. Pointers provide for
machine-independent address arithmetic.
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